Advising {counseling} requires compassion, respect, and low hubris.
Treatments {aversion therapy} can use or show situations or objects that frighten or disturb patients.
Psychotherapy {behavior therapy} can use instrumental conditioning to sensitize people by reciprocal inhibition and relaxation, to reinforce good behavior or to punish bad behavior. Behavior treatments can directly manipulate verbal, motor, and autonomic behaviors.
Psychotherapy {client-centered therapy} {non-directive therapy} can re-educate patients as patients work through their problems.
Talking about human biases {cognitive-behavioral therapy} (CBT) can help people avoid biases.
Psychotherapy {conditioning psychotherapy} can involve behavior changing through learning and conditioning.
Treatments {desensitization} {counterconditioning} can condition stimuli that produced fear or anxiety responses in patients toward positive unconditioned stimuli. Desensitization treats phobia.
Psychotherapy {directive-supportive therapy} can involve persuasion and environmental manipulation.
Under anesthesia or muscle relaxation, head surface electrodes apply voltage across brain to produce convulsions {electroconvulsive therapy} (ECT). ECT treats endogenous depression.
Psychotherapy {expressive-reconstructive therapy} can involve expressing or reconstructing repressed conflict and then reorganizing personality. Therapy begins with free association. Then parental role transfers to therapist. Then therapist receives hostility and anxiety, until catharsis happens, and therapist becomes a neutral figure. Finally, people adjust to new life. Psychoanalysis is an expressive-reconstructive therapy.
In one treatment {flooding, treatment}, patient receives conditioned stimulus that produces fear or anxiety responses for long time. Situation prevents flight and other defenses, so patient faces fears until they disappear.
Therapy can begin with immediate verbal responses to random words {free association}.
Treatment {gestalt therapy} can be non-interpretative, emphasize awareness and personal responsibility, equally emphasize mind and body, and try to reveal figure significant patterns or constructs in whole situations or ground.
Patients can see people {model, person} {modeling, person} that cope properly with difficulties and fears, imitate the model, and lose previous conditioned responses.
Therapies {psychoanalysis} can try to reveal associations between defense mechanism and fear or anxiety, by free associations and gentle questioning. It requires that patients consciously want to change, but patients unconsciously resist change, to maintain defense mechanism and avoid fear and anxiety.
Patients learn about the pleasure principle and its relation to unconscious mental activity, attitudes, wishes, motives, and fundamental impulses. They realize that instinctual-drive frustration happens and that hallucination or wish fulfillment reduces it [Freud, 1899] [Freud, 1915] [Freud, 1915] [Freud, 1966] [Kitcher, 1992].
Brain surgery {psychosurgery} helps 60% of people with severe neurosis.
Mental illness treatments {psychotherapy} can involve counseling, using method from interpretative or non-interpretative psychological theories. Psychotherapy success improves with low age, high intelligence, specific problems, strong desire for help, and high social class. Psychotherapies do not vary much in success rate.
Psychotherapy {rational-emotive therapy} can link cognitions and emotions, so thoughts can control emotions. Therapists argue and discuss {insightful countersuggestion}, to attack patient's irrational beliefs.
Mental illness treatments {shock treatment} can involve electric or chemical shock. Electroconvulsion, with muscle relaxer, is for severe depression and melancholia. Insulin can induce coma. Metrazol induces coma, but psychiatric treatments do not use it.
Rehabilitation {social rehabilitation} can treat schizophrenia.
Psychoneurotic difficulties tend to resolve spontaneously {spontaneous relief}, regardless of treatment.
Tests {word association} {word association test} can freely associate verbal responses to words or phrases to evaluate patient mental status, by measuring delay between stimulus and response, response appropriateness, and test behavior.
In one treatment type, patient responds to spoken words and phrases, to reveal wishes and motives they want to hide.
Young children generalize most to homophones. Older children generalize most to antonyms. Adults generalize most to synonyms. Phonetically similar words do not generalize.
6-Psychology-Psychological Treatments
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Date Modified: 2022.0225